Abusive marketing strategies - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2790 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Cause and effect essay Topics: Act Essay Did you like this example? Brief : 193232 Delivery Date : 26/02/2007 Title: Alpha, a large German firm, is the leading provider in the EU of VCMP tuning box.. VCMP tuning box is essential for the operation of video and satellite phones. Alpha has a market share in the EU of 58%. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Abusive marketing strategies" essay for you Create order It has few competitors. The largest among them holds a market share of 15%. VCMP tuning box requires substantial research and development as well as a significant amount of know-how. Alpha has invested a lot of money on it in the last five years. VMCP tuning box cannot be performed without a spare tool known in the sector as the link. Alpha produces its own version of this tool, Key, which has proved to be much more reliable than those tools produced by Alphas competitors. Alpha sells Key to a variety of customers. The formula of Key is protected by patents in the majority of the Member states on the EU. Key tool is compatible only with VCMP tuning box.. Beta, a UK firm and one of Alphas competitors, has come to learn about the following behaviour on the part of Alpha: a) Alpha refuses to provide VCMP tuning boxes to customers who purchase the link from another source b) Alpha reduces its prices to customers which Alpha suspects are about to switch to obtain tuning boxes from other competitors c) Alpha enjoys a market share of 98% in Spain, where it has developed a very sophisticated distribution network. Alpha denies access to its distribution network by its competitors.. d) Alpha offers substantial discounts to French customers if they exceed the number of Key tools purchased in the preceding year. Advise Alpha whether any of its arrangements might infringe Article 82 EC Treaty. What further information would you require from Alpha? ANSWER Alpha can be advised that Article 82 of the Treaty of Rome[1] controls the unilateral conduct of firms which have an economically powerful or so-called dominant position in the markets in which they participate. Article 82 provides that:[2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Any abuse by one or more undertakings of a dominant position within the common market or in a substantial part of it shall be prohibited as incompatible with the common market in so far as it may affect trade between Member States.. Such a buse may, in particular, consist in a) directly or indirectly imposing unfair purchase or selling prices or other unfair trading conditions; b) limiting production, markets or technical development to the prejudice of consumers; c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage; d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subject of such contracts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Alpha should note that dominance is not unlawful per se under Article 82. However, business that are found to be in a dominant position within at least a substantial part of the Single Market may contravene Article 82 if they are deemed to abuse their market power so as to obtain exorbitant profits or a competitive advantage of some kind. In order to consider Alphaà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s potential liability under Article 82 it is first necessary to define the relevant market that will be considered by the European Commission and ultimately the Court of Justice. The relevant market is comprised of two aspects: the relevant product market and the relevant geographic market. The relevant product market in this case will be defined as the market in the VCMP tuning box alone, given that the box is essential for the operation of video and satellite phones and according to the facts presented there are no alternative or substitutable products available. If any substitutable products are available these may form part of the product market. As Michelin v EC Commission[3] indicates, an Article 82 product market will be deemed to include any product which is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“equivalent to or interchangeable for the specific product being marketed by the dominant companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . It is in the Commissionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interests to define the product market as narrowly as possible because this facilitates the task of finding dominance and Alpha should be advised that it will need to raise a strong argument to seek to expand the product market in this case. Given that the VCMP tuning box cannot readily be substituted or replaced by any alternative product, it will be treated as forming a relevant product market of its own. Europemballage Corp and Continental Can v EC Commission[4] confirms this advice. The geographic market in question will be viewed as the European Union market as a whole in relation to the first two issues under consideration (a) and (b), given that Alphaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour in those instances is apparently the same across the EU. Often only parts of the EU market are considered in isolation but in this case given Alphaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s huge EU-wide market share this will not be deemed necessary. In relation to part (c) the geographic market under consideration will be Spain only, given that Alpha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour in that specific context is exclusive to that territory.. In relation to part (d) the relevant geographic market will be deemed to be the territory of France only, given that its behaviour is confined to that state. It is submitted that both France and Spain individually will be deemed substantial parts of the EU market necessary to justify the application of Article 82. There is a fairly low threshold for substantiality in this context. In Suiker Unie v Commission[5] the small states of Belgium and Luxembourg were deemed a sufficiently substantial part of the Community and in Corsica Ferries Italia Ltd v Corpo dei Piloti del Porto di Genova[6] the single port of Genoa was found to qualify.[7] Given that Alpha enjoys a massive 58 per cent market share across the entirety of the European Union there is no doubt that the company will be found to enjoy a dominant position.. In the case United Brands v Commission[8], which concerned abuse of a dominant p osition on the EEC[9] banana market by a company with a market share of 40 per cent, the Commission and the Court had no difficulty in finding dominance. Moreover, given that the remainder of the market is fragmented, with the largest of its competitors commanding a market share of only 15 per cent, Alphaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 58 per cent share will be viewed as even more dominant in the EU market than if it competed against one other company with a very large market share. In addition, the fact that the VCMP tuning box requires substantial research and development as well as a significant amount of know-how and that Alpha has invested a lot of money on this in the last five years, serves only to buttress the dominance enjoyed by Alpha. The huge RD start up costs present a formidable barrier to entry for potential new competitors and this factor was taken into account in cases such as Tetra Pak Rausing SA (II) v Commission[10]. In summary of the above it is possible to advise Alpha that it will be deemed dominant in all four relevant product markets that will be isolated in order to evaluate its behaviour identified in parts (a) to (d). These specific instances of conduct will now be examined on that basis. a) Alpha refuses to provide VCMP tuning boxes to customers who purchase the link from another source It is noted that Alpha produces its own version of this tool, Key, and that the Key has proved to be much more reliable than those tools produced by Alphas competitors. However, Alpha must be advised that this conduct is highly likely to be viewed as anti-competitive and in contravention of Article 82 EC by both the Commission and the European Court of Justice. Article 82 provides the following express example of anti-competitive abuse: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“d) making the conclusion of contracts subject to acceptance by the other parties of supplementary obligations which, by their nature or according to commercial usage, have no connection with the subje ct of such contracts.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  It is therefore prima facie unlawful to make the conclusion of a contract to provide VCMP tuning boxes subject to a contract to purchase the Key. It is of no relevance that the Key is more reliable than its competitorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ links. The Commission will argue that such trading behaviour is unnecessary and that the Key should be allowed to assert its natural superiority while leaving customers free to choose. The economic freedom of consumers is jealously and strictly guarded in the Single Market.[11] Alpha can be advised that its behaviour in this context will be viewed as an attempt to force so-called tying-in agreements on its customers. Such agreements tie the purchase of certain goods to the purchase of other goods. It is considered blatant abuse of Article 82. The case Hoffman La Roche v Commission[12] saw such tying-in agreements heavily penalised and the case Boosey Hawkes[13] saw refusals to supply goods fined. There appe ars to be no objective justification for Alphaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour in this regard and trade between member states is certainly being affected given the EU-wide scope of this practice. In conclusion, Alpha is liable to be sanctioned by the Commission for this behaviour and that sanction is most likely to be upheld by the Court. b) Alpha reduces its prices to customers which Alpha suspects are about to switch to obtain tuning boxes from other competitors Alpha can be advised that Article 82 sets down the following example of abusive activity: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“c) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  If Alpha is reducing its prices to certain customers it fears are about to move their business then it is subjecting its other more loyal customers to a competitive disadvantage, because they are still required to pay a higher price. This form of price d iscrimination is unacceptable anti-competitive conduct and will be penalised by the Commission.. Moreover this strategy may be treated as predatory pricing by the Commission.. Predatory pricing occurs where a dominant undertaking temporarily reduces its prices to an uneconomic level, possibly below cost price, in order to undercut its rivals and prevent an increase in the competition it faces. Typically once the rival has been deterred from the market and customer loyalty is secured prices are raised again and the company can return to reaping de facto monopoly profits by increasing its prices again. The Commission has sanctioned predatory pricing practices in numerous cases, such as AKZO Chemie BV v Commission[14] and Alpha must be advised that it is also liable to be penalised for this policy. Furthermore, looking at the scenario from the perspective that this reduction in price strategy could be viewed as a system of loyalty rebates, the Commission will most likely come to the same conclusion and sanction Alpha. Loyalty rebates have been found to create discriminatory pricing and penalised in cases including Hoffman La Roche v Commission[15] c) Alpha enjoys a market share of 98% in Spain, where it has developed a very sophisticated distribution network. Alpha denies access to its distribution network by its competitors.. Alpha has almost total dominance and a rare pure monopoly in the Spanish market. The European Commission may conclude that the sophisticated distribution network it has managed to establish as a consequence of this dominance should be treated as what is known as an à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“essential facilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The doctrine of essential facilities provides that where a dominant undertaking owns or controls a facility that is necessary to conduct a business, but which could not practically be reproduced by a competing undertaking or a potentially competing undertaking, the dominant undertaking may be obliged, in the absence of o bjective justification, to make the facility available to the competitor on reasonable terms. This doctrine has typically been applied in the case of permitting access to sea ports on fair terms, for example by ferry operators which obviously require such access in order to carry out their business, and a case in point is B I Line plc v Sealink[16]. In the B I Line case the dominant operator of the essential facility was ordered to allow a competitor access to the port in question, and that access was required to be provided on fair and reasonable terms so as to facilitate fully competitive activity. Alpha can be advised that this situation may be deemed analogous to its monopolistic distribution network, without access to which competitors may be unable to enter the Spanish market and trade profitably. Alpha can attempt to defend its position and reserve its exclusive right to use the network by raising an objective justification.[17] The company could argue that if it were forced to open up its distribution network to competitors it would be less inclined to make the necessary investments to maintain its sophistication, efficiency and integrity given that other firms will be benefiting from that investment. Further particulars are sought on this issue before concrete advice can be offered. Alpha must also be advised that this scenario could be viewed as a refusal to supply a service.. This has been considered abusive activity in such cases as Belgian Telemarketing[18]. Such an activity will in particular be held to infringe Article 82 where supply is essential to the trade or where refusal prevents the introduction of new products in demand as in the case Tiercƒ © Ladbroke v Commission.[19] d) Alpha offers substantial discounts to French customers if they exceed the number of Key tools purchased in the preceding year. Alpha can be advised that Article 82 expressly states that abusive activity includes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“c ) applying dissimilar conditions to equivalent transactions with other trading parties, thereby placing them at a competitive disadvantage;à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This practice of discriminatory pricing is prima facie unlawful given that customers who do not exceed former purchasing levels are penalised in equivalent transactions in relation to customers that have met Alphaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s conditions. It is conceivably possible that Alpha could objectively justify this strategy as rewarding improved performance or on grounds of passing on economies of scale, but further particulars must be sought as to Alphaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s full commercial justification for this pricing policy.. Moreover, it is noted that these discounts are apparently only available to French customers.. Further particulars are sought on this matter, because if customers in other member states are denied this discount then regardless of any argument to objectively justify the practice in France it will almost c ertainly be deemed unlawful if it is not applied uniformly across the EU.[20] Differential pricing strategies based on national markets were rejected as abusive in, for example, United Brands v Commission[21]. In Summary This paper has provided specific advice to Alpha as to the Article 82 EC enforcement mechanism and its application to these facts. Abusive and potentially abusive conduct has been identified under the specified heads of activity and further information has been requested on various points. THE END EXACT WORD COUNT FOR ANSWER ONLY : 1987 (excluding footnotes) GLOBAL DOCUMENT WORD COUNT : 2615 NB. The full text cite of Article 82 is provided for information purposes only and has not been included in the answer word count for this paper. BIBLIOGRAPHY Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community: https://europa..eu.int/eurlex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.htm EC Legislation 2005-2006, Foster (2005) Blackstoneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Statutes Law of the European Union, Kent, P., (2001) Longman Textbook on EC Law, Steiner and Woods, (1998) Blackstone Publishing EU Law- Text Cases and Materials, Craig and de Burca, (2003), Oxford University Press Recent Guidance on Fining Policy, Spink, P., [1999] European Competition Law Review, 101-108. Cases as footnoted, checked and verified against original law reports. 1 [1] Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community: EC Legislation 2005-2006, Foster (2005) Blackstones Statutes: https://europa.eu.int/eurlex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/C_2002325EN.003301.htm. [2] The text of Article 82 is provided for information purposes only and is not included in the word count. [3] Case 322/81 [1983] ECR 3461. [4] Case 6/72 [1973] ECR 215. [5] Cases 40/73 [1976] 1 CMLR 295. [6] Case 18/93 [1994] ECR I-1783. [7] For further comment see: Law of the European Union, Kent, P., (2001) Longman, page 254. [8] Case 27/76 [1978] ECR 207. [9] The European Economic Community as it then was, prior to the establishment of the EC and the Single Market. [10] T-51/89 [1991] 4 CMLR 334. [11] For an insightful general overview see: Textbook on EC Law, Steiner and Woods, (1998) Blackstone, page 236. [12] Case 85/76, [1979] ECR 461. [13] OJ 1987 L286/36. [14] Case 62/86, [1987] 1 CMLR 225. [15] Case 85/76, [1979] ECR 461. [16] [1992] 5 CMLR 255. [17] There is no derogation provision in Article 82 such as is provided in Article 81 by Article 81(3). The concept of objective justification is the case law alternative available under Article 82. See for an overview: EU Law- Text Cases and Materials, Craig and de Burca, (2003), Oxford University Press. [18] Case 311/84 [1986] 2 CLRR 588. [19] Case T-504/93 [1997] ECR II-923. [20] See for specific guidance: Recent Guidance on Fining Policy, Spink, P., [1999] European Competition Law Review, 101-108, p.106. [21] C27/76 [1978] ECR 207.

Influencing Chinese International Students Academic...

Influencing Factors of Chinese International Students’ Academic Adjustment As mentioned in the introduction, this research seeks to understand Chinese students’ academic adaptation and cross-cultural learning experiences in Canadian universities. In the previous chapter, Hofstede’s (1991) five cultural dimensions were identified as a means of explaining how Chinese students learn differently from their American counterparts, and they were offered as a theoretical framework to guide the researcher to think about the problem of practice. This chapter mainly focuses on existing literature related to the factors that affect Chinese students’ adaptation in overseas higher education institutions. With the growing presence of Chinese students on American campuses, it becomes clear that these students who come to the United States from different cultural and social backgrounds may have different learning experiences related to discrepancies in language, teaching and learning styles, and cultural values and traditions (Sun Chen, 1999; Upton, 1989; Zhong, 1996). Yet, the literature on the students’ perceptions of their academic adaptation at American colleges and universities is sparse, particularly at the undergraduate level. In examining the literature related to cross-cultural academic adaptation, this review begins with a discussion of how Chinese culture influences learning. It then explores how Chinese students perceive the differences in teaching and learning between ChinaShow MoreRelatedForeign Literature About Stress8977 Words   |  36 Pagesof study-related stress in international students in the initial stage of the international sojourn 1Abstract This paper explores the incidence of stress in international students in relation to the requirements of an international Masters Programme. The data presented here were taken from a doctoral ethnographic study of the adaptation of international postgraduate students to life in the UK, involving individual interviews with thirteen students over the academic year 2003/4 as well as participantRead MorePoor Academic Performance7039 Words   |  29 PagesPOOR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE   IN SCHOOL Guidelines for Parents and Teachers The initial step in intervention for children not doing well in school is to determine the cause. The school psychologist may be the best source of information, and the either the school or the parents can request an evaluation to determine the causes of a child’s learning problems. The  Ã‚  following general causes and suggested interventions are based on the gross distinctions suggested by Rabinovitch:  Ã‚  1. deficits in specificRead MoreThe Study of Fdi Strategy for Lenovo Group2823 Words   |  12 PagesBusiness School The study of FDI strategy for Lenovo Group Module Title: International finance and investment Module NO: 56357 Level: 7 Module Leader: Dr. Peijie Wang Student ID: 200900219 Text Word count: 2600 Submission Date: 05/04/2011 Introduction The Lenovo Group Lenovo Group is committed for superior personal computer creating, the company based on the business model which is oriented for innovation, high efficiency and the customer satisfaction, besides the company is alsoRead MoreCross-Cultural Management in China11008 Words   |  45 PagesRenmin University of China, Beijing, China Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to: summarize the major research that has been conducted regarding cross-cultural issues in China; show the current practices on cross-cultural management in Chinese organizations; and then identify future research needs on cross-cultural management in China. Design/methodology/approach – Meta-analysis was carried out to summarize research of crosscultural management in China. Findings – Empirical studies on cross-culturalRead MoreInternational Business Environment6667 Words   |  27 PagesModule specification INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Code: PGBM04 Credits: 15 Level: Masters FBL, Business School Board: Postgraduate Business Studies Learning Hours: 150 of which 30 CONTACT hours Rationale 1. The international business environment is multi-dimensional, including economic, political, socio-cultural and technological influences. While each can be viewed in specific national settings, increasingly they have become interrelated through processes of globalisation. In particularRead MoreStandardisation and Adaptation Within International Marketing Context24708 Words   |  99 Pagessupport and inspiration. i Abstract Every multinational business is faced with a very important marketing decision: to standardise or to adapt its marketing mix? This case study outlines a theoretical exegesis of global standardisation and international adaptation, presents these two perspectives. The debate between these two concepts is explored and their respective benefits considered. Subsequently, the role of the marketing mix and strategy are examined in relation to the above approaches alongRead MoreTeaching English As A Second Language And Culture3962 Words   |  16 Pagesdetailed examination about bilingualism and bilingual education from a teaching and student perspective. In first instance, I will deal with some of the definitions of these terms. Following this, I will introduce my interviewee and more information to complement this essay in the topics of learning English as a second language as well as how culture and other factors can affect the learning process of a student. I will also provide some of t he learning techniques that worked for me as a second languageRead MoreCultural Difference11630 Words   |  47 PagesEffective Business in China Maria Fernanda Pargana Ilhà ©u ISEG/UTL, PORTUGAL Abstract For firms in the international market the cultural characteristics of host country societies, where their managers are going to deal and work, must be learned, absorbed and adopted. A person’s perception of market needs is framed by his or her own cultural experience. More than factual knowledge of Chinese culture the interpretative knowledge is very important and difficult, since it comes from a matrix of philosophicRead MoreEuropean Negotiations2374 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿ European Negotiations Southern Candle’s Tour de France MGB225 Intercultural Communication and Negotiation Skills Assessment 1 Name: Raya Korudova Student ID: 9385584 Tutor’s Name: Ken Huxley Word Count: 1606 1. Executive Summary Possessing cultural awareness is of an extreme importance when it comes to doing business internationally. The European Negotiations Southern Candle’s Tour de France case study illustrates its significance as it points out a lot of interculturalRead MoreFactors Affecting Motivation to Learn English25117 Words   |  101 PagesSECOND LANGUAGE AMONG CHINESE STUDENTS IN JOHOR BAHRU BY OOI CHOON LEAN MP061113 EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 581225-07-5846 SUPERVISOR ASSOC PROF DR AZIZI HJ YAHAYA ii ABSTRACT There has been an ongoing debate about the importance of the English language. Employers are lamenting that new graduates these days lack communicative proficiency in English. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors which contribute to English proficiency in Chinese students in Johor Bahru. Investigating

Human Service Organisation in Australia Red Cross †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Human Service Organisation in Australia Red Cross. Answer: Introduction The role and significance of any human service organisation in any nation cannot be negated since it has impact on the overall quality of life of the masses. This particular sector encompasses a broad range of functions, disciplines, knowledge, skill-sets that mainly focus on the enhancement and improvement of the human well-being at an individual and a collective level. In Australia, there a large number of organisations that aims to accomplish this particular goal and improve the society (Andrews, 1971). There are basically three kinds of human service fields namely Non profit organisation or NGO, governmental or public organisation and private sector. All these models adopt different methods to aid the people that they serve. The human service organisation that has been the focus of our essay is Australian Red Cross which is an NGO or non-governmental organisation which provides humanitarian aid and community service charities in the continent. The NGO came into existence in the year 1941 and has always been involved in offering a wide range of services including both national and international aid facilities. It is vital to understand the managerial aspects of the organisation which plays a key toll in its effective performance. Its leadership elements have been identified and discussed below. The overall organisational culture of the firm has been observed and understood. The object of the body is to influence the Australian government body and the particular community on different kinds of welfare related subjects (Berger Luckman, 1996). It is vital to understand a number of organisational elements which have an impact on the performance of a human service organisation and help the society to be a better place for millions of vulnerable individuals. Management evident within Australian Red Cross NGO As per Chenoweth McAuliffe, the management aspect including the underlying operations is vital for each and every organisation which is formed with a specific set of objectives. The evidence of the managerial aspects of an undertaking shows that it is in the right path of achieving its specific set of objectives (Chenoweth McAuliffe, 2105). The NGO was set up with the main purpose to provide a wide range of services including international aid, migration support and help, emergency management, community service for particular segments of people, blood donation activity, etc. The governance and management of the NGO has undergone a number of reforms leading to a new national management structure instead of the old model. A common strategic plan was devised which helps it to have a single objective (Gardner, 2006). As per Gardner, the National Council is the highest governance decision-making body which is constituted of 53 voting members including the President and the National Board. The National Council is responsible for the delegation process involving the operational and management decisions and various other kinds of responsibilities to the CEO and the National Board. It encourages the involvement of committed volunteers who are willing to help at the times of natural disasters or personal crisis (Gardner, 2016). According to Gevers Goddard-Jones, the NGO is mainly funded by donations received from the public and corporate partnerships. Generally the volunteers play a critical role in supporting the various local organisations so that they can perform their operations in a better and effective manner. This support helps the Australian Red Cross NGO to have a sustainable growth in the environment and provide effective service to the people who are in need of help (Gevers Goddard-Jones, 2007). The human service organisation based in Australia focuses on the improvement of the financial and management systems by designing and developing better human resource processes and policies and enhancing the volunteer recruitment and retention process. These measures by the NGO act as evidence of the vital managerial aspect of the human service firm and highlight its initiative to create a stronger organisation with focused objectives. It inspires various humanitarian organisations and works with them in order to enhance the value of the life of people (Hughes Wearing, 2016). The NGO has a well defined and ambitious strategy and it works in a focussed and efficient manner to reach it in the near future. It also emphasises on employing passionate individuals who can contribute to their overall work process and deliver innovative concepts across Australian Red Cross. The firms management believes in setting up volunteer teams that can improve the well-being of the people living in the society. The NGO believes in encouraging inspiring leadership quality which is one of the crucial aspects of effective management model. Organisational theories that help to understand the tensions between a practicing professional and managers within the organisation Australian Red Cross In almost all organisational set-ups there arise conflicting situations between a professional and a management team member. This kind of a scenario needs to be controlled in an efficient manner so that it does not affect the main aim of the organisation. As per Glisson James, one of the vital challenges of the Red Cross has been the maintenance of collaborative management. These situations increase the chances of tension between different members of the organisation (Glisson James, 2002). In order to strike a balance the central decision-making model and the local decision-making process, the NGO tries to maintain an effective communication channel so that the various conflicting situations can be sorted in an effective manner without having any impact on the work process. The Australian Red Cross has adopted different strategies to work out its challenges by working through a number of iterations of matrix management model which basically encompassed dual reporting to both state and territory based management and national managers (Ife, 1997). Jones May said that the conflict management adopted by the Australian NGO helps it to limit the negative impact of the conflict situations. It mainly focuses on a strong and effective leadership style and it highly relies on strong communication and collaboration across all levels of the staff and management so that any kind of tension situation arising with the organisation can be curtailed (Jones May, 2006). The effective conflict management strategy and proper collaborative management techniques help the Australian Red Cross to enhance its flexibility in its operational activities, maximize the level of engagement and interaction and provide clear and precise lines of accountability. The One Red Cross culture helps the NGO to have a single framework which allows work throughout the entire organisation. The new strategy One Red Cross adopted by Red Cross helps it to achieve the objective of identifying and responding to the needs and requirements of the vulnerable section of people. It helps the organisation to make its root healthy by understanding the needs of various needy people in the continent and in the international platform (Karabanow, 2004). The NGO believes in the creation of a vision for change which acts as a critical element to contribute to the effective sustainability of the organisation. Leadership exercised in this organisation The Australian Red Cross organization has existed for a very long time and it has seen struggling times when it was finding it challenging to retain its position as a leading service provider in a rapidly changing external environment (Kerka, 1995). The rising competitive intensity in the non-profit sector had limited its growth and vital operations for a brief time. The NGO has focused on its national function which focuses on the leadership of senior management, strategic planning, etc. which helps the NGO to face the ever changing environment. The current executive and leadership model at Australian Red Cross places the executive and leadership teams at crucial positions and they are made responsible and accountable for delivering the Strategy 2020 results that will ensure that the NGO operates its functions in a financially healthy and sustainable manner. The present executive team directly reports to the CEO of the organisation and provides vital high-level advice on various key strategic and operational subjects. The leadership teams help the organisation to implement crucial decisions of the Board in an effective, coordinated manner (Lewin, 1947). It encourages its team and staff to contribute to the society by allowing them to serve the NGO for a long time period. The leadership behaviour of the officials at Red Cross is highly encouraged and they are given the ownership of the activity that they do. The current CEO of Australian Red Cross is Ms. Judy Slatyer who joined the NGO after working at World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as a global Chief Operating Officer for 7 years. The executive and leadership teams of the NGO consist of highly potential individuals who are great and inspiring leaders, who believe in bringing about positive changes in the lives of millions of people. Thus Red Cross high value to the leadership aspects of an individual helps the firm to bring about positive changes in the lives of millions of people all across the nation and the globe. It encourages the application of innovative approaches across Red Cross body (Suarez Oliva, 2005). Its overall belief in effective leadership quality in respective work area, in the agile and human-centred work design enhances its contribution to the entire mankind. Engagement in leadership role in Australian Red Cross organisation Leadership aspect is vital in all the management processes of all the organisations which have a specific set of goals to achieve. This ability helps an individual to guide other individuals or teams or the entire organisation so that they can successfully reach their objective in an efficient and effective manner. This quality involves a number of traits and behaviour which help them to inspire and influence their work teams and organisations (Tsui Cheung, 2004). As per Baines, in the human service organisation like the Australian Red Cross, the engagement of a professional in the leadership role is vital since its operations and functions have impact not just on the economic scenario but it also influences the quality of life of people living in the society (Baines, 2010). Any professional who is willing to contribute to the well-being of the society and its people can volunteer for the NGO and engage in a leadership role by doing diligent and hard work. Good leadership traits can help an organisation to reach great heights (OConnor et al., 2008). A vital area to engage in leadership at Red Cross is the effective application of leadership in various rural and urban poor regions where the biggest challenge is to make ends meet and deriving maximum utility out of limited resources that are available in hand. Such a leadership trait is vital and highly appreciated in a human service organisation. The personal skills, motivational factor, skills play a key role to bring about necessary change in an organisation which is involved in providing human services to enhance the quality of lives of people. The relationship-oriented leadership role will be effective in this kind of an organisation and its operations since it mostly involves the human factors that are in need to economic and other kinds of help. The high degree of encouragement and engagement of leadership scope increases the performance of the NGO (Wallace Pease, 2011). Ethical tensions that a worker may encounter when working in Australian Red Cross organisation (400) Different kinds of ethical concerns and issues arise in a large number of organizations. The current complexity in the business environment increases such kinds of tensions. This section of the assignment focuses on a few of the ethical tensions which an employee or a worker working in the Australian Red Cross might encounter while performing his operational activities (Baines, 2010). One of the most common ethical tensions that might arise in the NGO relates to the difference in morals and values of the firm and the individual working within the particular organisation. Since all individuals have their own set of principles and beliefs, this kind of an internal conflict is very common since he has to choose between his beliefs and the NGOs beliefs (van Breda, 2000). Another vital dilemma that is faced by the officials especially the ones who work in the administrative section of the organisation relates to various administrative decisions like allocation of funds, financial resources. Since a vast section of people are in need of food, clothing, money, the task at hand of the administrating team at the Australian Red Cross poses a number of challenging ethical dilemmas (Wallace Pease, 2011). The official has to choose between two sets of people who are in need of assistance; such scenarios also give rise to ethical tensions within a health service organisation (Vecchio, Hearn Southey, 1996). Confidentiality is another topic of ethical tension in the Australian Red Cross NGO since a number of volunteers and employees at the organisation have to compromise the right to confidentiality of the clients. For example The confidentiality feature of the clients or people is lost in case of suicidal people. Since today the rate of suicide has increased in various locations, different organisational bodies are trying their level best to catch hold of any kind of information that will enable their firm or organisation to protect an individual from committing suicide (van Breda, 2000). The employees know that they must respect their client's privacy and confidentiality need, and not disclose available information about him without his prior consent. But in cases of sociality, the confidentiality rule is broken in order to protect the life of a fellow being. This scenario leads to ethical tension in the NGO. Conclusion The various aspects of management of a human service organisation have been identified and covered in this particular assignment. It helps to understand the various kinds of situations that can arise in the environment of an organisation and have an impact on its overall performance. The Australian Red Cross NGO has been assessed and its sustainable performance in the changing scenario has been understood. The leadership traits that are vital in the sector have been evaluated and explained. Since the NGO is vital for the economy and it has a high degree of influence on the masses of the continent, this managerial analysis is vital to understand its strategic model which helps it to serve the society in an effective manner. The overall organisational culture and management model of Red Cross helps to understand the vitality of management to perform the strategic functions of a concern. It also highlights the significance of an inspiring leader and necessary leadership qualities which can help an organisation to be focused and avoid unnecessary conflicting situations which hampers the overall work process. Some of the ethical issues which relate to the morality issues of an individual and an NGO, confidentiality right of a client, administrative concerns, etc. that might arise in the work place of a human service based organisation have also been emphasised here. The various aspects which have an impact on the overall operations, performance of the Australian Red Cross have been covered in the topic. The organisational management has been highlighted which explains the leadership role and its impact on the productivity of the NGO. It gives the holistic view of the managerial and organisational aspects of Australian Red Cross and helps the readers to understand its value and contribution in the society of Australian continent. References Andrews, K.R. (1971). The Concept of Corporate Strategy, Homewood, IL, Irwin Berger, P. Luckman, T (1996). The Social Construction of reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Penguin, Harmondsworth. Baines, D. (2010). If we dont get back to where we were before: Working in restructured non-profit social services. British Journal of Social Work. 40(3). pp. 928-945. Bednar, S. G. (2003) Elements of satisfying organizational climates in child welfare agencies. Families in SocietyThe Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 84(1). pp. 7 12. Bell, H., Kulkarni, S. and Dalton, L. (2003). Organizational prevention of vicarious trauma. Families in Society, 84(4). pp. 463 470 Chenoweth, L. McAuliffe, D.(2105) 4th ed. The Road to Social Work and Human Service Practice Cengage, Australia Gardner , F (2006) Working in Human Service Organisations Oxford.,UK Gardner , F (2016) 2nd ed. Working in Human Service Organisations Oxford, UK Gevers, L. Goddard-Jones, M. (2007), 5th ed Managing a community organisation in Australia: a handbook for managers, coordinators and management committee members, 5th ed. Glisson, R. James, L.R. (2002). The cross-level effects of culture and climate in human service teams. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 23(6). pp. 767-794. Hughes, M. Wearing, M. (2016) 3rd ed Organisations and Management in Social Work. Everyday Action for Change Sage, Sydney Ife, J. (1997). Rethinking Social Work. Longman, Melbourne Jones, A. May J. (2006) Working in Human Service Organisations, Pearson Education, NSW. Karabanow, K. (2004) Making Organizations Work: Exploring Characteristics of Anti- Oppressive Organizational Structures in Street Youth Shelters. Journal of Social Work 491) 47-60 Kerka, S. (1995) the learning organisation: myth and realities, Eric Clearinghouse, URL https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED388802 (accessed 3 July 2014) Lewin, K. (1947) Frontiers in group dynamics: I. concept,. method and reality in social sciences; social equilibrium and social change, Human Relations 1(1), 5-41 Suarez, F.F. Oliva, R. (2005). Environmental change and organizational transformation, Industrial and Corporate Change, 14(6), 1017-41 Tsui, M. Cheung, C.H. (2004) Gone with the Wind: The Impacts of Managerialism on Human Services British Journal of Social Work 34, 437-442 OConnor, I., Wilson, J., Setterlund, D. Hughes,M. (2008) 5th ed Social Work and human Service Practice Pearson, Sydney Wallace, J. Pease, B. (2011) Neoliberalism and Australian Social Work: Accommodation or resistance? Journal of Social Work 11(2) 132-142) van Breda, A.D. (2000). Selling human services, Australian Bulletin of Labour, 29(3), 236- 53 Vecchio, R. P. Hearn, G. Southey, G. (1996). Organisational culture. Sydney : Harcourt Brace, 1996.

Sex Tourism Essay Example

Sex Tourism Essay A Thesis Presented to the Department of Tourism Institute of Arts and Sciences ABE International Business College – Makati In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science Major in Tourism Management By: Tacder, Judy Anne Atilares, Princess Mary Joy Toreja, Dominique Jane Gabinete, Christine Larah Ardeno, Lucile Mae March 2013 Table of Contents Page Acknowledgment i Abstractii Table of Contentsiii Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting Introduction Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Hypothesis Significance of the Study Theoretical Framework Conceptual Framework/Research Paradigm Scope and Limitations of the Study Chapter II: Review of Related Literatures Foreign Literature Local Literature Foreign Studies Local Studies Synthesis Chapter III: Research Methodology Research Design Respondents of the Study Research Locale Instrumentation Data Gathering Procedure Statistical Treatment of Data Chapter IV: Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations Summary of Findings Conclusions Recommendations Back Matters References or Bibliography Appendix Curriculum Vitae or Biological Sketch References 1. WTO Statement on the Prevention of Organized Sex Tourism. Adopted by the General Assembly of the World Tourism Organization at its eleventh session Cairo (Egypt), 17–22  October 1995 (Resolution A/RES/338 (XI)). Cairo (Egypt): World Tourism Organization. 17–22 October 1995. Retrieved 20  December  2006. 2. ^  Hannum, Ann Barger (2002). Sex Tourism in Latin America. ReVista: Harvard Review of Latin America  (Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA:  Harvard University) (winter). Retrieved 6 October 2011. 3. La explotacion sexual de menores en Kenia alcanza una dimension horrible [The sexual exploitation of children in Kenya reaches a horrible dimension]  (in French) (PDF). Spain: Unicef Espana. 17 January 2007. Retrieved 6 October 2011. 4. Guzder, Deena (25 August 2009). The Economics of Commercial Sexual Exploitation. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting. Retrieved 6 October 2011. 5. Brazil. The Protection Project. Archived from  the original  on 20  December  2006. Retrieved 20  December  2006. Brazil is a major sex tourism destination. Foreigners come from Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Latin America, and North America   6. Philippine Laws, Statutes And Codes Chan Robles Virtual Law Library 7. Number of prostitutes in the Philippines. 8. http://72. 14. 205. 104/search? q=cache:TIWkkRrf8S0J:www. childhope. org. ph/empowering. doc+prostitution+pasay+philippineshl=enct=clnkcd=17 9. Martin Brass (2004). The Modern Scourge of Sex Slavery. Soldier of Fortune Magazine. 10. Lin Lean Lim (1998). The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in Southeast Asia. International Labour Organization. ISBN  92-2-109522-3. 11. Lauber, Sabina (1995). Confronting Sexual Exploitation. We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sex Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Australian Law Reform Commission  Reform BulletinWinter 1995  (67). Retrieved 2007-02-07. 12. http://www. hawaii. edu/hivandaids/Determinants%20of%20Extramarital%20Sex%20in%20the%20Philippines. pdf 13. Sex industry assuming massive proportions in Southeast Asia  (Press release). International Labor Organization. 19 August 1998. Judy Anne V. Tacder 1322 Filmore St. Palanan Makati City Mobile Number: (0915) 3257064 [emailprotected] com [pic] JOB OBJECTIVE To be able to develop my skills and knowledge and be a productive through an actual exposure and participation in the company’s various activities. pic] PERSONAL PROFILE Age: 18 Civil Status:Single Citizenship:Filipino Religion:Roman Catholic Date of Birth:March 2, 1994 Place of Birth:Dr. Jose Fabella Hospital, Manila Languages Spoken :English and Filipino EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT College: Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management ABE International Business College #95 Sen. Gil Puyat Ave. Brgy. Palanan Makati City Secondary :Southeastern College College Road Taft Ave. Pasay City 2006-2010 Elementary:Hen . Pio. Del. Pilar Elementary School P. Binay St. Makati City 2000-2006 TRAININGS/SEMINARS ATTENDED Career Assistance Management Service (CAMS) Take Off: The Passport to a Soaring Future UP Nesmed Auditorium, Diliman, Quezon City September 2010 Bartending, Hospitality Management, Philippine Tourist Destination Seminar Hotel Henrico, Baguio City October 2010 Second Annual Convention of League of Tourism Students of the Philippines Lyceum of the Philippines University – Batangas September 2011 Tour Guiding Operation and Travel Operation Seminar ABE International Business College – Makati September 2011 Food and Safety Sanitation Seminar Johnny Rockets, Robinsons Galleria November 2011 Young Entrepreneurships’ Sponsorship Program Boardwalk Business Ventures Inc. August 2012 SCHOLARSHIPS Fund Assistance for Private Education (FAPE) Southeastern College, Pasay City 2006-2010 AFFILIATION Vice President Supreme Student Council Vice President Tourism Club Organization CHARACTER REFERENCES Mr. Albert C. Coronel Instructor ABE International Business College #95 Sen. Gil Puyat Ave. Makati City (0927) 4606696 Ms. Arlina Jabines RND Instructor ABE International Business College #95 Sen. Gil Puyat Ave. Makati City (0920) 6327636 I hereby certify that the above information is true and correct. ______________________ Judy Anne V. Tacder Abstract This bachelor thesis is examining sex-tourism as a mean of economic development. The purpose of the paper is to examine how sex-tourism is being used as a mean for development and also why it can be considered to be a part of a countries development strategy. There are many different types of tourism and ways for a country to use tourism as an income source. Although sex-tourism probably not is considered to be a morally legitimate reason for tourism, it does, as we know, however occur and since it is an existing phenomenon it also becomes an income source for the country of destination. This work has an overlapping theme; using dependency theory as a base it tries to connect the question of sustainable development to sex-tourism. While tourism in general is regarded as a private sector activity where market forces are predominating, the fact is that states are very much involved in the business of tourism. The involvement might vary from country to country but by far all governments are active in tourism and its development, which is why dependency theory has been chosen as the starting point for the thesis, it is also the reason why the concept of sustainability is being connected to sex-tourism. The paper follows both a broad perspective and a detailed focus. The broad perspective evaluates tourism and sex-tourism in general while the detailed focus lie on Costa Rica. Costa Rica has been chosen as an empirical example for the paper due to its interesting affiliation with sex-tourism and tourism in general. Chapter I: The Problem and Its Setting Introduction Traveling in the sense of tourism is something that most enjoy and wish to experience more frequently. The phenomenon of mass-tourism is not an entirely new concept; however the tourism industry of today is growing at a rapid pace and is generating a huge amount of capital. Tourism as defined by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO): â€Å"the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited† (http://www. unwto. org/statistiques/tsa_in_depth/chapters/ch3-1. htm), does not by far give us the whole picture of tourism. While tourism on the one hand is about pleasure and relaxing it is also about politics, power and about earning foreign exchange. There are many different forms of tourism and ways for a country to use tourism as an income source. After visiting Costa Rica several times it became apparent to me that also sex-tourism can be an activity that has a great part of a country’s economic development when using tourism as an instrument. Sex-tourism was of course something that I knew about from before, but the thought of it as a mean for development had never occurred to me. Therefore this paper will further explore sex-tourism as a type of tourism, as well as a mean for development when tourism is a part of a country’s development strategy. Connected with development lies the concept of sustainability, and although sex-tourism and the prostitution that sex-tourism implies probably cannot be considered to fall under a country’s sustainable development, sex-tourism does as we know however occur and since it is an existing phenomenon it also becomes an income source for the country of destination, and hence therefore it is also a part of a country’s economic development, whether it is considered to be sustainable or not. The dilemma of sex-tourism and prostitution in general is that it involves a lot of complex issues, such as moral and legal questions concerning prostitution. In Costa Rica, which is the country that in this work will be used as illustration, prostitution is legal and the country is in fact a growing sex-tourism destination, which however does not necessarily imply that the country is using sex-tourism as a part of it development strategy although it might be a possibility. Furthermore what does it exactly mean to use sex-tourism as a development strategy and what does it imply for the women working in the industry. Can sex-tourism change the conditions for women working in the sex-industry or is it just an expansion of an already existing prostitution. Questions like these are what made me wanting to further research the subject of sex-tourism. Background of the Study Sex tourism can be defined as tourism for which the main motivation or at least part of the aim of the trip is to consummate or engage in commercial sexual relations. For the purpose of this paper I have chosen to follow this definition of sex-tourism and this because I believe that purchasing sexual services does not have to be the sole purpose of the trip for it to be called sex-tourism. Like all transactions, sex-tourism is both an economic and political phenomenon, this because it must have a market and the transactions must be considered indirectly or directly socially and politically legitimate. Studies indicate that in recent years, the number of men (and women) traveling to foreign destinations usually in the Third World seeking sex-tourism has increased tremendously. In the past, destinations for sex tourism have mainly been the Southeast Asian countries such as Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia Today, sex-tourism has spread to other regions of the world including Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Brazil, Costa Rica, Eastern Europe and a number of African countries such as Kenya, Tunisia, South Africa and Gambia. While most countries have prostitution, legal or not, certain destinations have, as stated above, become linked with sex-tourism. What makes sex-tourism, in my opinion, so interesting to study is the complexity of the fact that tourism constitutes the main trading and source for foreign exchange for many of these â€Å"sex destination† countries. Within the tourism industry we find sex-tourism and whether or not prostitution is considered to be legal or morally defendable, the fact remains that sex-tourism is a source of income for many countries. Prostitution is an institution that states have tried to control throughout many historical periods; today most states have some kind of prostitution policy, even if it not actively enforced. Depending on the dominant definition of the issue, the control by governments is being done in different ways. The definition determines the goal of state intervention: is it about maintaining law and order, preserving morals, preventing the spread of sexual transmitted diseases14or is it about protecting women from exploitation. The dominant interpretation also determines in which political arena and policy system the politics of prostitution is fought, which actors are able to get in or are excluded, and what interest groups are formed around the issue. Prostitution is often perceived by many authorities as a law-and-order problem, a phenomenon giving rise to disorderliness and drunken behavior, generally causing public annoyance in the surrounding neighborhood and threatening the peace. While this might be so, when it comes to tourism, prostitution seems to be a welcomed phenomenon as long as it draws tourists to the country and it does not create a bad reputation for the designated country. The prostitution in Thailand for example, has for years drawn Western male tourist to the country, but as the country’s status abroad started to decline the country was forced to recognizing the â€Å"problem† of prostitution. The demand for sex-tourism of a particular destination is probably not a static one and although sex tourism remains a big draw among many travelers to certain destination, pressure from wealthier states that the country of destination is dependent has an impact on the constraints to which policymakers of the host country must respond. Changes in government behavior toward the sex industry may not be happening in spite of tourism, but rather because of the changes in foreign pressure. Some tourism researchers go as far to say that tourism in itself in fact is prostitution. Poorer nations are encouraged to open their frontiers and their dwellings to the foreign visitors and are pressured to engage in commercial transactions of a very particular type in which they offer their culture, their heritage, their traditions and even certain members of their population to visitors. Statement of the Problem Sex tourism and child sex tourism, it has become one of the most attractive type of tourism in this modern world. More and more people are going for sex tourism and they do not feel shy or embarrassing to admit they travel for sex experiences. Sex tourism and child sex tourism can bring a lot of money to the country and job opportunities to people directly or indirectly but however, due to the fast growing of the industry; sex tourism and child sex tourism have brought many misleading consequences and damages. Sex trafficking, sex trade and diseases. Once the victims are traded or trafficked, the traffickers will make sure they have complete control over the victims, leave them no rights or freedom over their own bodies thus enslaving them to the sex industry world. Furthermore, they will leave the victims so psychologically and physically abused that they do not dare to run away. They put dept bondage on them and force them to pay back before they could leave the sex trade. According to ECPAT, studies have shown that a child prostitute can serve between two to thirty clients per week, which can be estimated between 100 to 1500 clients per year and many of them are below 10 years old (Nair, no date). Most of them are still so young and they do not know what really is going on, all they know is listen to the orders else they would be beaten or left starve. The victims that are engaged in sex industry have both their mental and physical psychological affected. Their living condition is bad and their meals are irregular and not healthy and they rarely receive treatment when they are sick only until it gets too serious. Not to mention STD, HIV/AIS, according to a research, HIV positive rates are 42% to 54% among sex workers and the percentage will increase in the future. Apart from that, they suffer from exhaustion, infections and violence. If they do not work hard and earn enough money they would be punished. Most of them would feel scared, hopeless, depression and low self-esteem since they do not know who to run to for help or protect. Few are brave enough to run away but most of them will choose drugs and suicide to forget and reduce the suffering. Every problem has reasons behind it, so do sex trafficking, sex trade and the diseases. The demand with lenient laws on prostitution has pushed Thailand sex industries grow faster and stronger. The more unique demands pour in the better the services and the greater surprises would be provided. So there will not be any stop for it. Go in hand with it; it is the poverty and cultural perception. Thai believes in working as sex worker is their only choice and what their ancestor did so they keep faith in it. In addition, there are too many poor families in Thailand and they have very little education and skills in them so they would not earn much if they work in factory or restaurant compare being as a sex worker. Hypothesis In this statement, a requirement to determine the significant relationship between the cause and effect of sex tourism is recommended. The hypothesis should be able to predict the relationship between the variables. †¢ Sex industry in Philippines increases the number of child prostitutes. †¢ The intercourse between sex worker and customer could cause STD and other diseases. The existence of sex tourism does increase the number of STD patients. †¢ Human trafficking will increase as the demand for sex tourism and child sex tourism increase. Significance of the Study The main reason why I choose this topic to write about is to alert the world and tell them what sex tourism and child sex tourism is all about. Many people have very vague ideas of the indust ry and how it actually works. Most of them only look at how they want sex industry to be and they totally ignore the bad effects behind it. For instance, sex shows, do the tourists even think about the girls who are doing it, how they actually think or feel or whether they were forced to do it for something call ‘money or threaten by the brothels or traffickers’. Does human right even exist in this context? And human trafficking, many women and children have been trafficked, traded or sold but no one seems to try to stop it but they just close one eye. ECPAT estimates there are more than one million children worldwide that are engaged in sex trade each year. Poverty, cultural perception and demand are the main reasons that make the industry grow faster and stronger. Whenever there is a demand, there will be supply as many people are unemployed and most of them are in financial crisis. However, people are neglected what might hunt them afterwards, the diseases, the psychological effects and their unsure future. Theoretical Framework/Conceptual Framework Figure 1: The trafficking triangle. The conceptual framework above was designed by Phinney (no date), the author set up a relationship between supply, demand and impunity with human trafficking. The author shows a relationship between them which helps human trafficking activities develop and growth. When there is demand, there will be supply since there are purchasers who demand for it and due to demand, supply and lenient law; the traffickers take it as their advantage to traffic more and more women and children. In another hand, supply is the most visible factors among the three. The drives behind it contribute significant reasons for more trafficking to happen, poverty, unemployment, threaten and dream of a better life, etc. And then impunity, since sex tourism injects a lot of money to the country economy, so the government often close one eye unless a victim is caught and agree to report, else they ould let the situation going on until it is getting out of control. Figure 2: Reasons/drivers for sexual activity along a continuum of volition. This conceptual framework was conducted by Weissman (2006). This research concentrates in the prevention of HIV among the youth, especially the girls and the reasons why young people engage in the sexuality activity. The framework above shows the drivers of 2 different points of view, one is by forced and the other is by volunteer. He believes there are reasons behind for young girls volunteer themselves in having relationship with older man or another boy her age. It might due to emotional security, material security like gift or money, or for the pleasure during the intercourse or it was due to the ambition for power, social status, and an escape for a better life. Whereas for the young girls who are forced, the main reason is because of money, most of them have financial problems or they have been threatened by other to turn themselves as prostitute. Even though, his point here is to educate them, either they are forced or offered themselves willingly they should protect themselves to avoid HIV/AIDS or other STD infections. Scope and Limitations of the Study Scope: I choose Thailand for my topic is due to its booming now in the world and of its unique nature services. Everyone knows about Thailand as one of the hubs for sex tourism and also the range of services they provide, as long there is a demand for it, Thailand will not disappoint the customers. Limitation: Being students, we have a lot of limitations, we do not get a lot of help and support that we seek for. Most of the time, we can only get the information through journals and perhaps people’s opinion through internet and not directly from the source. For instance, one of my research questions I ask about â€Å"Whether Thai government purposely promotes sex tourism to drive Thai national growth? † Due to my limitation, it is almost impossible for me to get a chance to have an interview with the government people. I will not be able to get an audience with them. Besides that, there are money issues, time restraints and limited resources, for research experiment, I need to conduct surveys or questionnaires to the people that are concerned include sex workers, pimps, traffickers, victims, etc but I do not have time, resources and money to go to Thailand to do so. In addition, a GPD is needed to prove the importance of sex tourism in Thailand economic but most of the time the country do not give fully information about it, because there are so many illegal parties going on in Thailand sex industry. Apart from that, I need to identify the location of the commercial sex markets and the places where all the activities occurred. Chapter V: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendation Conclusion As the world becomes increasingly interconnected though the Internet and the growing global economy, sex tourism may become an even more significant phenomenon. Current literature studying sexual addiction describes sexual behaviors, compulsions, and obsessions that closely match some of the sexual behaviors described on sex tour websites. The types of sexual behaviors discovered in this study indicate the possible use of sex tourism to feed sexual addiction. In light of research showing that men are less inhibited while traveling, and the present study’s findings that men are having anonymous sexual experiences, possible health risks may be increased. Decreased inhibitions, combined with consumption of alcohol and an adventurous attitude toward sex, may create an increased rate of unprotected sex and thus increased risk for STDs. Sex tour advertisements stress the importance of being adventurous and experiencing sex like never before; these encouragements could increase the likelihood that consumers are reckless when it comes to not using protection during sex. Considering current literature pointing to the already increased risk of contracting HIV/AIDS for prostitutes and their customers, sex tourism appears to add multiple layers of risk. Data from the present study also support the idea that foreign women are not the only one’s being exploited by the sex tour industry. Data depicting men as looking for love, romance, and emotional connections with foreign women show that some men are under the impression they may find satisfying emotional connections with women when they realistically are participating in prostitution. The present study serves to explore sex tourism, a topic that is scarcely studied. Helping professionals, academics, and public interests internationally can benefit from further research in this area. Future research should focus on gaining more detailed accounts of erotic tourism by contacting those participating, a population that is difficult to reach and rarely studied. Studies should focus on interviewing male sex tourists to explore their self-image, self-confidence, ability to form relationships, health concerns, and social consequences experienced due to participation in sex tourism. Goals of future research should include identifying why men are participating in sex tourism, what underlying unmet needs are being met by participation, and ways to make the industry safer for those who continue to participate. Acknowledgement Foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to our instructor Mr. Ivan Parcero for the continuous support of our Bachelors study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. His guidance helped us in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. We could not have imagined having a better instructor and mentor for Bachelors study. Besides our advisor, we would like to thank the rest of our thesis committee: Mr. Ivan Dominique Lustan and Mr. Marvin Ocumen for their encouragement, insightful comments, and hard questions. I thank my fellow group mates in ABE International Business College: Princess Mary Joy Atilares, Dominique Jane Toreja, Christine Lhara Gabinete and Lucile Ardeno, for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last one year. In particular, we are grateful to Mr. Ivan Parcero for enlightening us the first glance of research. Last but not the least; we would like to thank our family for giving birth to us at the first place and supporting us spiritually throughout our life. Chapter III: Research Methodology Research Design This article presents the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study using content analysis to observe common themes and patterns of sex tour websites. Through systematic observation of available sex tour websites, researcher’s uncovered themes represented on sex tour sites. Inductively, researchers explored the text of sex tour websites looking for common categories. These categories were systematically coded and then analyzed to elucidate common themes and patterns. Both authors served as coders to examine these themes to ensure inter-code reliability. As stated, once themes and patterns were established and labeled, researchers began culling data for the presence or variances of these themes, again to ensure maximum validity and reliability. In consistently reevaluating, redefining, and openly exploring the website material, researchers built theory by making comparisons, thus establishing the themes that are presented in the findings. In order to ensure trustworthiness of data, disagreements in data analysis were dealt with carefully. Conflicts in interpretation were identified and placed to the side for a period of time. After a period of â€Å"cooling off,† the researchers reevaluated data after having carefully explored our personal biases and issues related to the subject. The sample for this study included 20 sex tour websites used as texts for data analysis. The study employed five major search engines to conduct a comprehensive search, reviewing websites containing information on â€Å"sex tours† and â€Å"sex tourism. † These search engines included: Yahoo, AltaVista, Ilor, Magellan, and Lycos. As different search engines utilize different search criteria and methodology, utilizing various engines is a comprehensive search, and is especially important when research involve cross-cultural or transnational issues. Utilizing each of these search engines helped ensure that most available sites would be found. Upon running a search and locating sites, each website was printed and logged. Due to the vast number of sites and expected similarities among sites, data collection concluded when researchers achieved data saturation. The information on each website was individually analyzed, and then its themes were compared with those of other sites until saturation was reached. Through content analysis, each sex tour website was thoroughly reviewed and topics and categories were separated and labeled. The analysis included two initial anticipated themes: the portrayal of male tourists and information referring to male tourists’ insecurities. The authors attempted to remain open to the emergence of new themes as they arose in data analysis. Using a method of constant comparative analysis, researcher’s coded data, reviewed codes, recoded data into new categories, and continued in a process until clear, specific themes became apparent181 The Qualitative Report June 2004. Common themes and patterns were collected and compared with data from other websites. The second author reviewed the emergence of themes in order to ensure inter-coder reliability and reduce researcher bias. The final study results include qualitative data describing emerging themes and their implications. Respondents of the Study More than half of survey respondents believe that Thailand tourists abroad are involved in sex tourism with minors. The study on sex tourism and child pornography was commissioned by the Thailand branch of ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography Trafficking of Children). The study consulted a representative group of 1,007 people aged 18 or over who are resident in Thailand. While the majority categorically deemed sex tourism involving minors as unacceptable, some 56 percent nonetheless think that Luxembourg tourists are at least occasionally sex tourists abroad. Respondents also had quite a clear picture of sex tourists, with the majority saying they are richer, older men with an average level of education, who are married with children. Meanwhile, 98 percent of respondents said it was important that tourism operators help fight sex tourism involving minors, for example by discontinuing co-operations with hotels tolerating sex tourism, alerting police, raising awareness among customers and distributing information material. Instrumentation This project required access to a computer; University of Nebraska-Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; The Human Trafficking Law Project; The Department of Justice websites. Data Gathering Procedure The quantitative data collected from the children have been categorized and simple statistical tools have been used to analyze the data. The detailed patterns and trends in the practice have been shown in the form of tabular data. The information from key informants has also been categorized in major thematic areas. T hese pieces of information were then put together to get a complete picture of the entire issue. | | | | | |SN |Background of children |Age Group |Gender |Tota